School Closures and Effective In-Person Learning during COVID-19: When, Where and for Whom
نویسندگان
چکیده
We combine cell phone data on foot-traffic to a highly representative sample of almost 70,000 schools in the U.S. with information school learning modes estimate measure effective in-person (EIPL) during COVID-19 pandemic. then match various administrative records document differences EIPL over time, across regions, and by individual characteristics. find three main results. First, while dropped below 20% its pre-pandemic level all regions Spring 2020, varied widely 2020-21 year, ranging from less than some cities West Coast more 80% South. Second, substantial part this variation is accounted for observable characteristics: (i) public provided average private schools;(ii) affluent educated localities larger share non-white students lower EIPL;and (iii) higher spending per student, district-level Elementary Secondary School Emergency Relief (ESSER) funding student enrollment EIPL. Third, negative association affluence, education driven large systematic regional that are correlated political preferences. In contrast, school's ESSER persists even within counties controlling local affluence education. These patterns important our understanding factors led disparities closures impact loss pandemic future educational attainment, income inequality, economic growth.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Social Science Research Network
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['1556-5068']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3963981